About the Authors

Nicola Marchi

Contributed equally to this work with: Nicola Marchi, Jeffrey J. Bazarian

Affiliations Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Molecular Medicine – Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Jeffrey J. Bazarian

Contributed equally to this work with: Nicola Marchi, Jeffrey J. Bazarian

Affiliation University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America

Vikram Puvenna

Affiliations Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Departments of Neurosurgery and Cell and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Mattia Janigro

Affiliation Flocel, Inc. Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Chaitali Ghosh

Affiliations Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Departments of Neurosurgery and Cell and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Jianhui Zhong

Affiliation University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America

Tong Zhu

Affiliation University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America

Eric Blackman

Affiliation University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America

Desiree Stewart

Affiliation Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Jasmina Ellis

Affiliations Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Baldwin-Wallace College, Berea, Ohio, United States of America

Robert Butler

Affiliation Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Damir Janigro

janigrd@ccf.org

Affiliations Cerebrovascular Research, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Departments of Neurosurgery and Cell and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Molecular Medicine – Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America, Flocel, Inc. Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have read the journal's policy and have the following conflicts: Co-author NM holds the following patents – 1. US 7144708 Markers of blood-brain barrier disruption and methods of using the same and 2. PCTI US2012/037170 Serum S100B and uses thereof. Corresponding author DJ holds the following patents – 1. US 6884591B2 Peripheral marker of blood-brain barrier permeability, 2. US 7144708 Markers of blood-brain barrier disruption and methods of using the same and 3. PCTI US2012/037170 Serum S100B and uses thereof. Co-authors MJ and DJ are employed by Flocel, Inc. NM serves as a lab manager for Flocel, Inc. There are no further patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Funding: DJ NM JJB. Approval of the final manuscript: DJ. Conceived and designed the experiments: DJ NM JJB. Performed the experiments: VP JE DS NM CG JZ EB TZ. Analyzed the data: MJ DJ JJB RB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DJ NM JJB. Wrote the paper: NM JJB DJ.