About the Authors

Louise C. Kenny

Affiliation Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Anu Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Ireland

Tina Lavender

Affiliation School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Roseanne McNamee

Affiliation Biostatistics Group of the School of Community-Based Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Sinéad M. O’Neill

Affiliation NPEC, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Anu Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Ireland

Tracey Mills

Affiliation School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Ali S. Khashan

a.khashan@ucc.ie

Affiliations Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Anu Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork University Maternity Hospital, Cork, Ireland, The Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: LCK ASK TL RM SMO TM. Analyzed the data: ASK SMO. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LCK ASK TM TL RM SMO. Wrote the paper: LCK ASK SMO.