About the Authors

Kim M. Pepin

Affiliations Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America

Jia Wang

Affiliations International Institution of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

Colleen T. Webb

Affiliation Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America

Jennifer A. Hoeting

Affiliation Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America

Mary Poss

Affiliation Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Peter J. Hudson

Affiliation Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Wenshan Hong

Affiliation International Institution of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China

Huachen Zhu

Affiliations International Institution of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

Yi Guan

s.riley@imperial.ac.uk (SR); yguan@hkucc.hku.hk (YG)

Affiliations International Institution of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

Steven Riley

s.riley@imperial.ac.uk (SR); yguan@hkucc.hku.hk (YG)

Affiliations State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Contributed concepts: MP PJH CTW SR. Contributed feedback on analyses: CTW SR JAH. Organized the collaboration: SR. Conceived and designed the experiments: KMP JW CTW MP PJH WH HZ YG SR. Performed the experiments: JW WH HZ YG. Analyzed the data: KMP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YG. Wrote the paper: KMP.