About the Authors

Rachel Kornfield

Affiliation Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Julie Donohue

Affiliations Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Ernst R. Berndt

Affiliations Alfred P. Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

G. Caleb Alexander

galexand@jhsph.edu

Affiliations Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America, Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America

Competing Interests

Ms. Kornfield and Dr. Alexander were supported by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (RO1 HS0189960). Dr. Alexander has served as an ad-hoc member of the Food and Drug Administration’s Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee (DSaRM) and Ms. Kornfield and Dr. Alexander are consultants for IMS Health, one of the three sources of data for our report. The funding sources had no role in study design or conduct; collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; or preparation, review, or final manuscript approval. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Supervision: GCA. Conceived and designed the experiments: RK JD EB GCA. Performed the experiments: RK GCA. Analyzed the data: RK JD EB GCA. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RK JD EB GCA. Wrote the paper: RK.