About the Authors

Samuel Shephard

samuel.shephard@gmit.ie

Affiliations Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom

Hans Gerritsen

Affiliation Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland

Michel J. Kaiser

Affiliation School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Anglesey, United Kingdom

David G. Reid

Affiliation Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SS DGR MJK HG. Performed the experiments: SS. Analyzed the data: SS HG. Wrote the paper: SS DGR MJK HG.