About the Authors

Henry E. Wang

hwang@uabmc.edu

Affiliation Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Nathan I. Shapiro

Affiliation Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Russell Griffin

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Monika M. Safford

Affiliation Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Suzanne Judd

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

George Howard

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: HEW NIS MMS GH. Wrote the paper: HEW. Coordinated data collection: HEW MMS. Performed the analysis: RG. Contributed to the critical review of results: HEW NIS RG MMS SJ GH. Critically reviewed and approved the manuscript: HEW NIS RG MMS SJ GH. Takes responsibility for the paper as a whole: HEW.