About the Authors

Penelope A. Phillips-Howard

pennyph@liverpool.ac.uk

Affiliation Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Frank O. Odhiambo

Affiliation KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya

Mary Hamel

Affiliation Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Kubaje Adazu

† Deceased.

Affiliation KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya

Marta Ackers

Affiliation Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Anne M. van Eijk

Affiliation Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Vincent Orimba

Affiliation KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya

Anja van’t Hoog

Affiliations KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Caryl Beynon

Affiliation Centre for Public Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom

John Vulule

Affiliation KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya

Mark A. Bellis

Affiliation Centre for Public Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Laurence Slutsker

Affiliation Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Kevin deCock

Affiliation Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Robert Breiman

Affiliations KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya

Kayla F. Laserson

Affiliations KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration, Kisumu, Kenya, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: PPH KL. Analyzed the data: PPH FO VO. Wrote the paper: PPH FO KL MH AvH AvE MA CB LS RB. Provided scientific leadership: KdC RB JV LS KL. Reviewed the manuscript: PPH FO KL MH AvH AvE MA CB LS RB MB KdC JV. Commented on the manuscript: PPH FO KL MH AvH AvE MA CB LS RB. Gave permission for data to be used and published: FO KL JV. Conducted and/or supported the conduct of the field work: KA FO MH AvH VO AvE LS RB KdC JV KL RB.