About the Authors

Chih-Lin Wei

cwei@mun.ca

Affiliation Ocean Science Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada

Gilbert T. Rowe

Affiliation Department of Marine Biology, Texas A & M University at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, United States of America

Richard L. Haedrich

Affiliation Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Canada

Gregory S. Boland

Affiliation Branch of Environmental Sciences, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, United States Department of Interior, Herndon, Virginia, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: CW GTR. Performed the experiments: CW GTR RLH GSB. Analyzed the data: CW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CW GTR RLH GSB. Wrote the paper: CW GTR.