About the Authors

Catharine R. Gale

crg@mrc.soton.ac.uk

Affiliations MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Rachel Cooper

Affiliation MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Leone Craig

Affiliation Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom

Jane Elliott

Affiliation Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Institute of Education, University of London, London, United Kingdom

Diana Kuh

Affiliation MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Marcus Richards

Affiliation MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, University College London, London, United Kingdom

John M. Starr

Affiliations Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, Geriatric Medicine Unit, University of Edinburgh, Royal Victoria Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Lawrence J. Whalley

Affiliation Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom

Ian J. Deary

Affiliation Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: CG ID DK. Analyzed the data: CG. Wrote the paper: CG ID. Interpretation of the results, revised the article critically for important intellectual content, and approved the final version to be published: CG RC DK MR LC LW JS JE ID.