About the Authors

Denise L. Faustman

faustman@helix.mgh.harvard.edu

Affiliation The Immunobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Limei Wang

Affiliation The Immunobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Yoshiaki Okubo

Affiliation The Immunobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Douglas Burger

Affiliation The Immunobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Liqin Ban

Affiliation The Immunobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Guotong Man

Affiliation The Immunobiology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Hui Zheng

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

David Schoenfeld

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Richard Pompei

Affiliation Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Joseph Avruch

Affiliation Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

David M. Nathan

Affiliation Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: DLF JA DMN. Performed the experiments: LW YO DB LB GM RP. Analyzed the data: HZ DS. Wrote the paper: DLF JA DMN.