About the Authors

Anthony G. Doufas

Affiliations Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Outcomes Research Consortium, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America

Orestis A. Panagiotou

Affiliation Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece

John P. A. Ioannidis

jioannid@stanford.edu

Affiliations Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America, Department of Statistics, Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Identified the eligible reviews and performed the data extraction: AGD OAP JPAI. Conceived and designed the experiments: AGD JPAI. Performed the experiments: AGD OAP JPAI. Analyzed the data: OAP JPAI. Wrote the paper: AGD OAP JPAI.