About the Authors

Lucas R. Smith

Affiliation Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Henry G. Chambers

Affiliations Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, United States of America, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Shankar Subramaniam

Affiliation Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Richard L. Lieber

rlieber@ucsd.edu

Affiliations Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America, Department of Veterans Affairs, Medical Center, San Diego, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: LRS HGC SS RLL. Performed the experiments: LRS HGC. Analyzed the data: LRS SS RLL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HGC SS. Wrote the paper: LRS SS HGC RLL.