About the Authors

David Coggon

dnc@mrc.soton.ac.uk

Affiliation Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

Georgia Ntani

Affiliation Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

Keith T. Palmer

Affiliation Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

Vanda E. Felli

Affiliation School of Nursing, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Raul Harari

Affiliation Corporación para el Desarrollo de la Producción y el Medio Ambiente Laboral – IFA (Institute for the Development of Production and the Work Environment), Quito, Ecuador

Lope H. Barrero

Affiliation School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia

Sarah A. Felknor

Affiliations Southwest Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America, Center for Disease Control and Prevention/National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

David Gimeno

Affiliation Southwest Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America

Anna Cattrell

Affiliation Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College, London, UK

Consol Serra

Affiliations Center for Research in Occupational Health (CiSAL), Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain, Carlos III Health Institute: Biomedical Research Networking Center of Epidemiology and Public Health, Granada, Spain, Occupational Health Department, Parc de Salut MAR, Barcelona, Spain

Matteo Bonzini

Affiliation Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Research Center, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

Eleni Solidaki

Affiliation Department of Social Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece

Eda Merisalu

Affiliation Department of Public health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia

Rima R. Habib

Affiliation Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon

Farideh Sadeghian

Affiliation Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran

Masood Kadir

Affiliation Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan

Sudath S. P. Warnakulasuriya

Affiliation Department of Medical Education and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka

Ko Matsudaira

Affiliation Clinical Research Centre for Occupational Musculoskeletal Disorders, Kanto Rosai Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan

Busisiwe Nyantumbu

Affiliations National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Malcolm R. Sim

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Helen Harcombe

Affiliation Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

Ken Cox

Affiliation Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

Maria H. Marziale

Affiliation School of Nursing of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Leila M. Sarquis

Affiliation Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba-PR, Brazil

Florencia Harari

Affiliation Corporación para el Desarrollo de la Producción y el Medio Ambiente Laboral – IFA (Institute for the Development of Production and the Work Environment), Quito, Ecuador

Rocio Freire

Affiliation Corporación para el Desarrollo de la Producción y el Medio Ambiente Laboral – IFA (Institute for the Development of Production and the Work Environment), Quito, Ecuador

Natalia Harari

Affiliation Corporación para el Desarrollo de la Producción y el Medio Ambiente Laboral – IFA (Institute for the Development of Production and the Work Environment), Quito, Ecuador

Magda V. Monroy

Affiliation School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia

Leonardo A. Quintana

Affiliation School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia

Marianela Rojas

Affiliation Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), National University of Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica

Eduardo J. Salazar Vega

Affiliation Southwest Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America

E. Clare Harris

Affiliation Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

Sergio Vargas-Prada

Affiliation Center for Research in Occupational Health (CiSAL), Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain

J. Miguel Martinez

Affiliations Center for Research in Occupational Health (CiSAL), Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain, Carlos III Health Institute: Biomedical Research Networking Center of Epidemiology and Public Health, Granada, Spain

George Delclos

Affiliations Southwest Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America, Center for Research in Occupational Health (CiSAL), Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain, Carlos III Health Institute: Biomedical Research Networking Center of Epidemiology and Public Health, Granada, Spain

Fernando G. Benavides

Affiliations Center for Research in Occupational Health (CiSAL), Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain, Carlos III Health Institute: Biomedical Research Networking Center of Epidemiology and Public Health, Granada, Spain

Michele Carugno

Affiliation Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

Marco M. Ferrario

Affiliation Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Research Center, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

Angela C. Pesatori

Affiliations Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy, Fondazione Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

Leda Chatzi

Affiliation Department of Social Medicine, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece

Panos Bitsios

Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece

Manolis Kogevinas

Affiliations Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain, Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece

Kristel Oha

Affiliation North Estonia Medical Centre, Tallinn, Estonia

Tuuli Sirk

Affiliation Põlva Hospital, Põlva, Estonia

Ali Sadeghian

Affiliation Klinikum Leverkusen, Leverkusen, Germany

Roshini J. Peiris-John

Affiliations Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka, Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

Nalini Sathiakumar

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America

A. Rajitha Wickremasinghe

Affiliation Faculty of Medicine, University of Kalaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka

Noriko Yoshimura

Affiliation Department of Joint Disease Research, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Danuta Kielkowski

Affiliations National Institute for Occupational Health, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Helen L. Kelsall

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Victor C. W. Hoe

Affiliations Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Donna M. Urquhart

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Sarah Derett

Affiliation Injury Prevention Research Unit, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

David McBride

Affiliation Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

Andrew Gray

Affiliation Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: DC KTP. Performed the experiments: DC GN KTP KC VEF MHM LMS RH FH RF NH LHB MVM LAQ MR SAF DG EJSV ECH AC SVP CS JMM GD FGB MB MC MMF ACP ES LC PB MK EM KO TS RRH FS AS MMK SSPW RJPJ NS ARW KM NY BN DK MRS HLK VCWH DMU HH SD DM AG. Analyzed the data: GN DC. Wrote the paper: DC. Principal investigator Brazil: VEF. Principal investigator Ecuador: RH. Principal investigator Colombia: LHB. Principal Investigators Costa Rica and Nicaragua: SAF DG. Principal investigator UK: DC. Principal investigator Spain: SV-P. Principal investigator Italy: MB. Principal investigator Greece: ES. Principal investigator Estonia: EM. Principal investigator Lebanon: RRH. Principal investigator Iran: FS. Principal investigator Pakistan: MMK. Principal investigator Sri Lanka: SSPW. Principal investigator Japan: KM. Principal investigator South Africa: BN. Principal investigator Australia: MRS. Principal investigator New Zealand: HH. All authors reviewed the draft manuscript and contributed to its finalization.