About the Authors

Dylan M. Williams

dylan.williams@bristol.ac.uk

Affiliation School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Richard M. Martin

Affiliation School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

George Davey Smith

Affiliation School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

K. G. M. M. Alberti

Affiliation Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom

Yoav Ben-Shlomo

Affiliation School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom

Anne McCarthy

Affiliation Child Health Epidemiology Division, Health Research Board, Dublin, Ireland

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: DMW RM YBS. Performed the experiments: KGMMA YBS GDS AM. Analyzed the data: DMW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KGMMA. Wrote the paper: DMW.