About the Authors

Patrick I. Chiyo

pchiyo@nd.edu

Affiliations Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America

Cynthia J. Moss

Affiliation Amboseli Trust for Elephants, Nairobi, Kenya

Susan C. Alberts

Affiliation Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: PC SA. Performed the experiments: PC CM. Analyzed the data: PC SA. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SA PC. Wrote the paper: PC SA CM. Contributed all the long-term elephant life history data of the Amboseli elephants: CM. Provided all the guidance necessary for executing this research: SA.