About the Authors
- Imke Steffen
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Affiliations Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- D. Lorne Tyrrell
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Affiliation Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Eleanor Stein
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Affiliation Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Leilani Montalvo
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Affiliation Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Tzong-Hae Lee
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Affiliation Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Yanchen Zhou
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Affiliations Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Kai Lu
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Affiliation Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- William M. Switzer
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Affiliation Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Shaohua Tang
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Affiliation Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Hongwei Jia
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Affiliation Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Darren Hockman
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Affiliation Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Deanna M. Santer
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Affiliation Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Michael Logan
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Affiliation Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Amir Landi
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Affiliation Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- John Law
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Affiliation Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Michael Houghton
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* E-mail: michael.houghton@ualberta.ca
Affiliation Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Graham Simmons
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Affiliations Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
Competing Interests
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: DLT ES TL YZ WMS MH GS. Performed the experiments: IS LM KL ST HJ DH DMS ML AL JL. Analyzed the data: IS TL WMS MH GS. Wrote the paper: IS MH GS.