About the Authors

Kareem M. Ahmad

Affiliation Interdepartmental Program in Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America

Seung Soo Oh

Affiliation Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America

Seon Kim

Affiliation Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America

Forrest M. McClellen

Affiliation Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America

Yi Xiao

yixiao@physics.ucsb.edu (YX); tsoh@engineering.ucsb.edu (HTS)

Affiliation Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America

H. Tom Soh

yixiao@physics.ucsb.edu (YX); tsoh@engineering.ucsb.edu (HTS)

Affiliations Interdepartmental Program in Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America, Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: KMA YX HTS. Performed the experiments: KMA FMM YX. Analyzed the data: KMA YX HTS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KMA SSO SK. Wrote the paper: KMA SSO YX HTS.