About the Authors

Monica Shah

Affiliations Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America, Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Simon Kariuki

Affiliation Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya

Jodi Vanden Eng

Affiliation Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Anna J. Blackstock

Affiliations Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America, Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Kimberly Garner

Affiliation Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Wangeci Gatei

Affiliation Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

John E. Gimnig

Affiliation Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Kim Lindblade

Affiliation Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Dianne Terlouw

Affiliation Malaria Epidemiology Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Feiko ter Kuile

Affiliation Malaria Epidemiology Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom

William A. Hawley

Affiliations Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America, Child Survival and Development Cluster, UNICEF, Jakarta, Indonesia

Penelope Phillips-Howard

Affiliations Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya, Centre for Public Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Bernard Nahlen

Affiliation President's Malaria Initiative, Washington, D. C., United States of America

Edward Walker

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America

Mary J. Hamel

Affiliations Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America, Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya

Laurence Slutsker

Affiliation Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Ya Ping Shi

yps0@cdc.gov

Affiliation Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: YPS SK LS JG EW MH WH BN KL. Performed the experiments: MS SK KG WG DT FTK PPH WH JG KL. Analyzed the data: MS JVE AB YPS. Wrote the paper: MS YPS. All authors contributed to the data interpretation and critical discussion of the conclusion.