About the Authors

Xiaoyun Cai

Contributed equally to this work with: Xiaoyun Cai, Zhendong Qin

Affiliation Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

Zhendong Qin

Contributed equally to this work with: Xiaoyun Cai, Zhendong Qin

Affiliation Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

Bo Wen

Affiliation Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

Shuhua Xu

Affiliation Chinese Academy of Sciences and Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China

Yi Wang

Affiliation Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

Yan Lu

Affiliation Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

Lanhai Wei

Affiliation Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

Chuanchao Wang

Affiliation Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

Shilin Li

Affiliation Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

Xingqiu Huang

Affiliation Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, Guangxi, China

Li Jin

Affiliations Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China, Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical City, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China

Hui Li

lihui.fudan@gmail.com

Affiliation Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

the Genographic Consortium

Membership of the Genographic Consortium is provided in the Acknowledgments.

Competing Interests

International Business Machines assisted with the funding for this study. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: HL LJ. Performed the experiments: XC HL ZQ BW XH YL SL. Analyzed the data: XC ZQ HL SX YW CW LW. Wrote the paper: XC HL. Revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content: The Genographic Consortium.