About the Authors

Jihui Ping

Contributed equally to this work with: Jihui Ping, Liya Keleta, Nicole E. Forbes

Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Emerging Pathogens Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Canadian Influenza Pathogenesis Team, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Liya Keleta

Contributed equally to this work with: Jihui Ping, Liya Keleta, Nicole E. Forbes

Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Emerging Pathogens Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Canadian Influenza Pathogenesis Team, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Nicole E. Forbes

Contributed equally to this work with: Jihui Ping, Liya Keleta, Nicole E. Forbes

Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Emerging Pathogens Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Canadian Influenza Pathogenesis Team, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Samar Dankar

Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Emerging Pathogens Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Canadian Influenza Pathogenesis Team, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

William Stecho

Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Emerging Pathogens Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Shaun Tyler

Affiliation National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Yan Zhou

Affiliations Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Canadian Influenza Pathogenesis Team, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Lorne Babiuk

Affiliations Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Canadian Influenza Pathogenesis Team, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Hana Weingartl

Affiliations National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Canadian Influenza Pathogenesis Team, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Rebecca A. Halpin

Affiliation Viral Genomics Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Alex Boyne

Affiliation Viral Genomics Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Jayati Bera

Affiliation Viral Genomics Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Jessicah Hostetler

Affiliation Viral Genomics Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Nadia B. Fedorova

Affiliation Viral Genomics Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Katie Proudfoot

Affiliation Viral Genomics Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Dan A. Katzel

Affiliation Viral Genomics Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Tim B. Stockwell

Affiliation Viral Genomics Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Elodie Ghedin

Affiliations Viral Genomics Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America, Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

David J. Spiro

Affiliations Viral Genomics Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America, Viral Genomics Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America

Earl G. Brown

Earl.Brown@uottawa.ca

Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Emerging Pathogens Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Canadian Influenza Pathogenesis Team, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Canadian Influenza Pathogenesis Team, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: EGB DJS EG. Performed the experiments: JP LK NEF SD WS YZ ST LB HW RAH AB JB JH NBF KP DAK TBS EGB. Analyzed the data: EGB JP LK NEF SD WS YZ ST LB HW RAH AB JB JH NBF KP DAK TBS DJS EG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: EGB DJS. Wrote the paper: EGB DJS EG JP LK NEF SD WS YZ ST LB HW RAH AB JB JH NBF KP DAK TBS. Sequencing team leader: DJS. Influenza pathogenesis team leader: EGB.