About the Authors

William K. W. Li

Bill.Li@dfo-mpo.gc.ca

Affiliation Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada

Robert A. Andersen

Affiliation Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine, United States of America

Dian J. Gifford

Affiliation Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, United States of America

Lewis S. Incze

Affiliation Aquatic Systems Group, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine, United States of America

Jennifer L. Martin

Affiliation Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Biological Station, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada

Cynthia H. Pilskaln

Affiliation School for Marine Science and Technology, University of Massachusetts, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts, United States of America

Juliette N. Rooney-Varga

Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, United States of America

Michael E. Sieracki

Affiliation Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine, United States of America

William H. Wilson

Affiliation Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, West Boothbay Harbor, Maine, United States of America

Nicholas H. Wolff

Affiliation Aquatic Systems Group, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Analyzed the data: WL NW. Wrote the paper: WL RA DG LI JM CP JR-V MS WW.