About the Authors

Jeffrey Shaman

jls106@columbia.edu

Affiliation Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

Christie Y. Jeon

Affiliation Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiologic Research, Department of International Center for AIDS Care and Treatment Programs, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America

Edward Giovannucci

Affiliation Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Marc Lipsitch

Affiliation Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Departments of Epidemiology and Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

Co-author Marc Lipsitch discloses consulting or honorarium income from the Avian/Pandemic Flu Registry (Outcome Sciences, funded in part by Roche) and from Pfizer and Novartis. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JS CYJ ML. Performed the experiments: JS. Analyzed the data: JS CYJ ML. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JS CYJ EG. Wrote the paper: JS CYJ EG ML.