About the Authors

George A. Wolff

wolff@liv.ac.uk (GAW); dsmb@noc.soton.ac.uk (DSMB)

Affiliation School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

David S. M. Billett

wolff@liv.ac.uk (GAW); dsmb@noc.soton.ac.uk (DSMB)

Affiliation National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, Southampton, United Kingdom

Brian J. Bett

Affiliation National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, Southampton, United Kingdom

Jens Holtvoeth

Affiliation School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Tania FitzGeorge-Balfour

Current address: School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London, United Kingdom

Affiliation National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, Southampton, United Kingdom

Elizabeth H. Fisher

Affiliation School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Ian Cross

Affiliation National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, Southampton, United Kingdom

Roger Shannon

Affiliation National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, Southampton, United Kingdom

Ian Salter

Current address: Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-mer, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS-INSU UMR 7621, Banyuls-sur-mer, France

Affiliation National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, Southampton, United Kingdom

Ben Boorman

Affiliation National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, Southampton, United Kingdom

Nicola J. King

Affiliation Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Newburgh, United Kingdom

Alan Jamieson

Affiliation Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen, Newburgh, United Kingdom

Frédéric Chaillan

Affiliation School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: GAW DSMB. Performed the experiments: GAW DSMB BJB JH TF-B EHF IC RS IS BB NJK AJ FC. Analyzed the data: GAW DSMB BJB JH TF-B EHF IS. Wrote the paper: GAW DSMB.