About the Authors

Maurice O. Ope

Affiliations Department of Disease Surveillance and Response, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Nairobi, Kenya, Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Management Training Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya

Mark A. Katz

Affiliation Influenza Program, Global Disease Detection Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya

Barrack Aura

Affiliations International Emerging Infections Program, Global Disease Detection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya, Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya

Stella Gikunju

Affiliations International Emerging Infections Program, Global Disease Detection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya, Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya

M. Kariuki Njenga

Affiliation International Emerging Infections Program, Global Disease Detection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya

Zipporah Ng'ang'a

Affiliation Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya

John Vulule

Affiliation Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya

Robert F. Breiman

Affiliation International Emerging Infections Program, Global Disease Detection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya

Daniel R. Feikin

dfeikin@cdc.gov

Affiliation International Emerging Infections Program, Global Disease Detection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MOO MAK RFB DRF. Performed the experiments: MOO MAK BA SG MKN ZN JV RFB DRF. Analyzed the data: MOO MAK DRF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MOO BA DRF. Wrote the paper: MOO MAK DRF. Supervision of field work: JV ZN DRF.