About the Authors

Katherine T. Steele

Affiliations University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana

Andrew P. Steenhoff

Affiliations Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Craig W. Newcomb

Affiliation Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Tumelo Rantleru

Affiliation Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana

Rudo Nthobatsang

Affiliation Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana

Gloria Lesetedi

Affiliation Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana

Scarlett L. Bellamy

Affiliation Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Jean B. Nachega

Affiliation Departments of International Health and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Robert Gross

Affiliations Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Gregory P. Bisson

bisson@mail.med.upenn.edu

Affiliations Botswana-University of Pennsylvania Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Competing Interests

All authors declare: (1) No financial support for the submitted work from anyone other than their employer; (2) RG has contracts with Abbott Laboratories and Bristol-Myers Squibb for HIV-related research, but these relationships are unrelated to the submitted work. All other authors report no financial relationships with commercial entities that might have an interest in the submitted work; (3) No spouses, partners, or children have financial relationships that may be relevant to the submitted work; and (4) No non-financial interests that may be relevant to the submitted work.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: GPB KS RG APS. Performed the experiments: RN GL TR KS APS. Analyzed the data: CWN SLB JNB GB KTS. Wrote the paper: GPB KTS.