About the Authors

Hope R. Ferdowsian

hferdowsian@pcrm.org

Affiliations Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, D.C., United States of America, Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America

Debra L. Durham

Affiliation Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, D.C., United States of America

Charles Kimwele

Affiliation Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi–Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya

Godelieve Kranendonk

Affiliation AAP Sanctuary for Exotic Animals, Almere, The Netherlands

Emily Otali

Affiliation Kibale Chimpanzee Project, Makerere University Biological Field Station, Kibale, Uganda

Timothy Akugizibwe

Affiliation Uganda Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Kampala, Uganda

J. B. Mulcahy

Affiliation Chimpanzee Sanctuary Northwest, Cle Elum, Washington, United States of America

Lilly Ajarova

Affiliation Chimpanzee Sanctuary and Wildlife Conservation Trust, Entebbe, Uganda

Cassie Meré Johnson

Affiliation Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, D.C., United States of America

Competing Interests

HRF and DLD are employed by Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, which is a non-governmental organization that promotes higher ethical standards in research and alternatives to the use of animals in research, education, and training. JBM is employed by Chimpanzee Sanctuary Northwest, which provides lifetime quality care for formerly abused or exploited chimpanzees, while advocating for great apes through education and collaboration. GK is employed by AAP Sanctuary for Exotic Animals, which promotes the replacement of the use in apes in invasive research. CK is a consultant to the World Society for the Protection of Animals and Chairman of the Board of Directors and Scientific Advisor to the Africa Network for Animal Welfare. LA is employed by Chimpanzee Sanctuary & Wildlife Conservation Trust, which promotes the conservation of chimpanzees and their habitats. EO CMJ and TA declare no conflicts of interest. All of the organizations mentioned are nonprofit organizations, and all authors adhere to the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: HRF DLD. Analyzed the data: HRF CMJ DLD. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: HRF DLD CMJ. Wrote the paper: HRF DLD. Assisted with data acquisition or interpretation of data: HRF DLD CK GK EO TA JBM LA CMJ. Critically reviewed or revised article: HRF DLD CK GK EO TA JBM LA CMJ. Provided final approval for the article to be published: HRF DLD CK EO TA JBM LA CMJ.