About the Authors

Kyrre L. Kausrud

Affiliations Department of Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Ås, Norway

Jean-Claude Grégoire

Affiliation Lutte Biologique et Ecologie Spatiale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium

Olav Skarpaas

Affiliation The Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Oslo, Norway

Nadir Erbilgin

Affiliation Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Marius Gilbert

Affiliations Biological Control and Spatial Ecology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium, Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Brussels, Belgium

Bjørn Økland

Affiliation Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute, Ås, Norway

Nils Chr. Stenseth

n.c.stenseth@bio.uio.no

Affiliation Department of Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Designed and implemented the model: KLK. Contributed data: J-CG. Designed research: J-CG OS NE MG NCS BØ. Wrote the manuscript: KLK J-CG OS NE MG NCS BØ.