About the Authors

Peter L. Tyack

ptyack@whoi.edu

Affiliation Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America

Walter M. X. Zimmer

Affiliation North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Undersea Research Centre, La Spezia, Italy

David Moretti

Affiliation Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division, Newport, Rhode Island, United States of America

Brandon L. Southall

Affiliations Southall Environmental Associates, Aptos, California, United States of America, Long Marine Laboratory, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America

Diane E. Claridge

Affiliation Bahamas Marine Mammal Research Organisation, Marsh Harbour, Abaco, Bahamas

John W. Durban

Affiliation Protected Resources Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, United States of America

Christopher W. Clark

Affiliation Bioacoustics Research Program, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America

Angela D'Amico

Affiliation Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific, San Diego, California, United States of America

Nancy DiMarzio

Affiliation Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division, Newport, Rhode Island, United States of America

Susan Jarvis

Affiliation Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division, Newport, Rhode Island, United States of America

Elena McCarthy

Affiliation Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division, Newport, Rhode Island, United States of America

Ronald Morrissey

Affiliation Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division, Newport, Rhode Island, United States of America

Jessica Ward

Affiliation Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division, Newport, Rhode Island, United States of America

Ian L. Boyd

Affiliation Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, Fife, Scotland, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

While the sponsors of this study come from an international mix of sound producers and a United States regulatory agency, the majority of funding for the research reported here comes from different divisions of the U.S. Navy, and all of the authors have had at least some of the research reported here partially funded by different divisions of the U.S. Navy. The following authors are employed by the U.S. Navy: David Moretti, Angela D'Amico, Nancy DiMarzio, Susan Jarvis, Elena McCarthy, Ronald Morrissey, and Jessica Ward. Their primary involvement was in designing, installing, and helping to operate the passive acoustic marine mammal monitoring system at the AUTEC range; providing the sound sources used in the experiments; and with analyzing and writing up the data. During the time period covered by this research the following authors were employed by the National Marine Fisheries Service of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which acts as the federal regulatory agency for protection of marine mammals: Brandon Southall and John Durban. The following authors have been asked by the U.S. Department of Justice to act as expert witnesses in cases involving the effects of naval sonar on marine mammals: Christopher Clark, Brandon Southall, and Peter Tyack. Peter Tyack is a member of Natural Resources Defense Council, which is an advocacy organization that has sued the Navy concerning effects of sonar on marine mammals. None of the analysis nor write up of the paper involved or was influenced by the sponsors of the research.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: PLT WMXZ DM BLS DEC JWD CWC IB. Performed the experiments: PLT WMXZ DM BLS DEC JWD CWC AD ND SJ EM RM JW IB. Analyzed the data: PLT WMXZ DM BLS DEC JWD CWC AD ND SJ EM RM JW IB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PLT WMXZ DM BLS DEC JWD CWC AD ND SJ EM RM JW IB. Wrote the manuscript: PLT WMXZ DM BLS JWD IB.