About the Authors

Jon M. Kuchenreuther

Affiliation Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Celestine S. Grady-Smith

Affiliations Department of Applied Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America

Alyssa S. Bingham

Affiliation Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Simon J. George

Affiliations Department of Applied Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America

Stephen P. Cramer

Affiliations Department of Applied Science, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America, Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America

James R. Swartz

jswartz@stanford.edu

Affiliations Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America, Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JMK SPC JRS. Performed the experiments: JMK CSG-S ASB SJG. Analyzed the data: JMK CSG-S ASB SJG. Wrote the paper: JMK JRS. Discussed results and commented on the manuscript: JMK CSG-S ASB SJG SPC JRS.