About the Authors

M. Alex Smith

salex@uoguelph.ca

Affiliation Biodiversity Institute of Ontario and Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Eldon S. Eveleigh

Affiliations Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, Population Ecology Group, Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada

Kevin S. McCann

Affiliation Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Mark T. Merilo

Affiliation Biodiversity Institute of Ontario and Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

Peter C. McCarthy

Affiliation Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada

Kathleen I. Van Rooyen

Affiliation Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MAS ESE. Performed the experiments: MAS ESE MTM PCM KVR. Analyzed the data: MAS ESE KSM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MAS KSM. Wrote the paper: MAS ESE KSM.