About the Authors
- Danlin Jia
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Affiliation Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Ramtin Rahbar
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Affiliation Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Renee W. Y. Chan
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Affiliations Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China, Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Suki M. Y. Lee
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Affiliation Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Michael C. W. Chan
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Affiliation Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Ben Xuhao Wang
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Affiliation Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Darren P. Baker
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Affiliation Biogen Idec Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Bing Sun
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Affiliation Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- J. S. Malik Peiris
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Affiliation Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- John M. Nicholls
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Affiliation Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Eleanor N. Fish
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* E-mail: en.fish@utoronto.ca
Affiliations Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
Competing Interests
Darren P. Baker is employed by Biogen Idec. Biogen Idec did not provide funds for these studies, nor was Biogen Idec involved in the study design, data analysis or any decisions relating to manuscript preparation or submission. Biogen Idec provided interferon-beta for these studies at no cost. Accordingly, the relationship with Darren P. Baker (and therefore Biogen Idec) in no way affects adherence to all of the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: DJ JSMP JMN ENF. Performed the experiments: DJ RR RWYC SML MCC. Analyzed the data: DJ RR RWYC MCC BXW JSMP JMN ENF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DPB BS JMN. Wrote the paper: DJ RR ENF. Involved in editing the manuscript and reviewing the different drafts: DPB. Provided input for data interpretation: DPB. Involved in reviewing the manuscript: BS.