About the Authors

Jean L. Spencer

spencerj@bu.edu

Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Joel A. Bernanke

Affiliation Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jo Ann Buczek-Thomas

Affiliation Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Matthew A. Nugent

Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

M.A.N. has served as a consultant for Momenta Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JLS MAN. Performed the experiments: JLS JAB JABT. Analyzed the data: JLS JAB MAN. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JLS JABT. Wrote the paper: JLS MAN.