About the Authors

Adriane Martin Hilber

Contributed equally to this work with: Adriane Martin Hilber, Suzanna C. Francis

Affiliation Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Suzanna C. Francis

Contributed equally to this work with: Adriane Martin Hilber, Suzanna C. Francis

Affiliation Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Matthew Chersich

Affiliations Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, International Center for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, Reproductive Health and HIV Research Unit, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

Pippa Scott

Affiliation Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Shelagh Redmond

Affiliation Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Nicole Bender

Affiliation Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Paolo Miotti

Affiliation Office of AIDS Research, United States National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Marleen Temmerman

Affiliation Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, International Center for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Nicola Low

low@ispm.unibe.ch

Affiliation Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Competing Interests

Paolo Miotti is an employee of the United States National Institutes of Health.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: AMH SCF MFC PM MT NL. Analyzed the data: AMH SCF MFC PS NL. Wrote the paper: AMH SCF MFC NL. Study selection, data extraction: AMH SCF MFC. Literature searches, retrieval and data entry: SR NB. Interpretation of data: PM MT. Wrote the first draft and approved the final manuscript: AMH. Revised the manuscript and approved the final version: NL. Critically reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version: SCF MFC PS SR NB PM MT.