About the Authors

Carney D. Matheson

cmatheso@lakeheadu.ca

Affiliations Paleo-DNA Laboratory, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada, Department of Anthropology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel

Kim K. Vernon

Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel, Department of Anthropology, Department of Zoology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia

Arlene Lahti

Affiliations Paleo-DNA Laboratory, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada, Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada

Renee Fratpietro

Affiliation Paleo-DNA Laboratory, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada

Mark Spigelman

Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel, Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Shimon Gibson

Affiliation University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America

Charles L. Greenblatt

Affiliation Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel

Helen D. Donoghue

Affiliation Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: CDM CLG HDD. Performed the experiments: CDM KKV AL RF HDD. Analyzed the data: CDM KKV RF HDD. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MS CLG. Wrote the paper: CDM KKV. Excavated the material for analysis: SG.