About the Authors

Vladimir Novitsky

Affiliations Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Botswana–Harvard Partnership for HIV Research and Education, Gaborone, Botswana

Rui Wang

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Lauren Margolin

Affiliation Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jeannie Baca

Affiliation Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Lemme Kebaabetswe

Affiliation Botswana–Harvard Partnership for HIV Research and Education, Gaborone, Botswana

Raabya Rossenkhan

Affiliation Botswana–Harvard Partnership for HIV Research and Education, Gaborone, Botswana

Caitlin Bonney

Affiliation Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Michaela Herzig

Affiliation Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

David Nkwe

Affiliation Botswana–Harvard Partnership for HIV Research and Education, Gaborone, Botswana

Sikhulile Moyo

Affiliation Botswana–Harvard Partnership for HIV Research and Education, Gaborone, Botswana

Rosemary Musonda

Affiliation Botswana–Harvard Partnership for HIV Research and Education, Gaborone, Botswana

Elias Woldegabriel

Affiliation Botswana–Harvard Partnership for HIV Research and Education, Gaborone, Botswana

Erik van Widenfelt

Affiliation Botswana–Harvard Partnership for HIV Research and Education, Gaborone, Botswana

Joseph Makhema

Affiliations Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Botswana–Harvard Partnership for HIV Research and Education, Gaborone, Botswana

Stephen Lagakos

Affiliation Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

M. Essex

messex@hsph.harvard.edu

Affiliations Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Botswana–Harvard Partnership for HIV Research and Education, Gaborone, Botswana

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: VN SL ME. Performed the experiments: LM JB LK RR CB MH DN. Analyzed the data: VN RW EvW SL. Wrote the paper: VN RW SL ME. Provided laboratory support: SM RM. Performed clinical evaluation and recruitment of study participants: EW JM.