About the Authors

Zhao Qin

Affiliations Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Laurent Kreplak

Affiliation Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Markus J. Buehler

mbuehler@MIT.EDU

Affiliations Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Center for Computational Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: ZQ LK MJB. Performed the experiments: ZQ MJB. Analyzed the data: ZQ LK MJB. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZQ LK MJB. Wrote the paper: ZQ LK MJB.