About the Authors

Sreenivasan Paruthiyil

Affiliation Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Aleksandra Cvoro

Affiliation Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Xiaoyue Zhao

Affiliation Bionovo Inc., Emeryville, California, United States of America

Zhijin Wu

Affiliation Center for Statistical Sciences & Department of Community Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America

Yunxia Sui

Affiliation Center for Statistical Sciences & Department of Community Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America

Richard E. Staub

Affiliation Bionovo Inc., Emeryville, California, United States of America

Scott Baggett

Affiliation Bionovo Inc., Emeryville, California, United States of America

Candice B. Herber

Affiliation Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Chandi Griffin

Affiliation Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Mary Tagliaferri

Affiliation Bionovo Inc., Emeryville, California, United States of America

Heather A. Harris

Affiliation Women's Health and Musculoskeletal Biology, Wyeth Research, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Isaac Cohen

Affiliation Bionovo Inc., Emeryville, California, United States of America

Leonard F. Bjeldanes

Affiliation Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America

Terence P. Speed

Affiliation Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America; and Division of Bioinformatics, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

Fred Schaufele

Affiliation Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America

Dale C. Leitman

dale@leitmanlab.com

Affiliations Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America, Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America

Competing Interests

S.P., A.C., Z.W., Y.S., C.G., C.B.H. and F.S. have nothing to declare. X.Z., R.E.S., S.B., M.T., and I.C., are employees of Bionovo, Inc. H.A.H is a full-time employee of Wyeth Research. L.F.B., T.P.S. and D.C.L. are on the Scientific Advisory Board of Bionovo, Inc. D.C.L. has received financial support for research from Bionovo, Inc.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SP AC LFB FS DL. Performed the experiments: SP AC CH CG FS. Analyzed the data: SP AC XZ LFB TPS FS DL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZW YS RS SB MT HH IC. Wrote the paper: SP AC DL.