About the Authors

Rhona E. McDonald

Contributed equally to this work with: Rhona E. McDonald, Rachel I. Fleming

Affiliation Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Rachel I. Fleming

Contributed equally to this work with: Rhona E. McDonald, Rachel I. Fleming

Affiliation Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

John G. Beeley

Affiliation Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Douglas L. Bovell

Affiliation Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Jian R. Lu

Affiliation Biological Physics Group, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Xiubo Zhao

Affiliation Biological Physics Group, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

Alan Cooper

Affiliation WestChem Department of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Malcolm W. Kennedy

malcolm.kennedy@bio.gla.ac.uk

Affiliation Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JRL AC MWK. Performed the experiments: REM RIF JGB DLB XZ AC MWK. Analyzed the data: REM RIF DLB JRL XZ AC MWK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: REM RIF JGB AC MWK. Wrote the paper: AC MWK.