About the Authors

Athe M. N. Tsibris

Affiliations Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Bette Korber

Contributed equally to this work with: Bette Korber, Ramy Arnaout

Affiliations Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America

Ramy Arnaout

Contributed equally to this work with: Bette Korber, Ramy Arnaout

Affiliations Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Carsten Russ

Affiliation Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Chien-Chi Lo

Affiliation Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Thomas Leitner

Affiliation Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Brian Gaschen

Affiliation Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

James Theiler

Affiliation Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Roger Paredes

Affiliations Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Fundacions irsiCaixa i Lluita contra la SIDA, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain

Zhaohui Su

Affiliation Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Michael D. Hughes

Affiliation Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Roy M. Gulick

Affiliation Weill Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America

Wayne Greaves

Affiliation Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kennilworth, New Jersey, United States of America

Eoin Coakley

Affiliation Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, California, United States of America

Charles Flexner

Affiliation Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Chad Nusbaum

Affiliation Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Daniel R. Kuritzkes

dkuritzkes@partners.org

Affiliations Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

A.M.N.T., B.T.K., R.A., C.R., C.-C.L., T.L., B.G., J.T., R.P., Z.S., and C.N. report no conflicts of interest. R.M.G. receives research grant support from Pfizer and Schering-Plough and has served as an ad-hoc consultant to Abbott, GlaxoSmithKline, Monogram, Pfizer, Roche-Trimeris, and Schering-Plough. D.R.K. has served as a consultant to and has received honoraria and/or research grant support from Abbott, Bayer, Monogram Biosciences, and Schering-Plough. W.G. is an employee of Schering-Plough Research Institute. E.C. is an employee of Monogram Biosciences. M.D.H. has served as a paid member of data and safety monitoring boards for Boehringer-Ingelheim and Tibotec and as a consultant to Bristol-Myers. C.F. served on a scientific advisory board for Schering-Plough.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: AMNT RA RP CN DRK. Performed the experiments: AMNT CR RP. Analyzed the data: AMNT BTK RA CR CCL TL BKG JT ZS MH DRK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AMNT BTK RA CR CCL TL BKG JT RG WG EC CF CN DRK. Wrote the paper: AMNT BTK RA TL JT DRK.