About the Authors

Helen Ayles

Helen@zambart.org.zm

Affiliations Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, ZAMBART Project, Ridgeway Campus, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia

Albertus Schaap

Affiliations ZAMBART Project, Ridgeway Campus, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Amos Nota

Affiliation ZAMBART Project, Ridgeway Campus, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia

Charalambos Sismanidis

Affiliation Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Ruth Tembwe

† Deceased.

Affiliation Chest Diseases Laboratory, Lusaka, Zambia

Petra De Haas

Affiliations Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom, ZAMBART Project, Ridgeway Campus, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia

Monde Muyoyeta

Affiliation ZAMBART Project, Ridgeway Campus, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia

Nulda Beyers

Affiliation Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa

Peter Godfrey-Faussett1 for the ZAMSTAR Study Team

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: HA NB PGF. Performed the experiments: HA AN RT PDH MM. Analyzed the data: HA AS CS PDH MM PGF. Wrote the paper: HA AS AN CS RT PDH MM NB PGF.