About the Authors

Joshua M. Epstein

jepstein@brookings.edu

Affiliations Center on Social and Economic Dynamics, The Brookings Institution, Washington D. C., United States of America, Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Jon Parker

Affiliation Center on Social and Economic Dynamics, The Brookings Institution, Washington D. C., United States of America

Derek Cummings

Affiliation The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Ross A. Hammond

Affiliation Center on Social and Economic Dynamics, The Brookings Institution, Washington D. C., United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: JME. Performed the experiments: JME JP DC RAH. Analyzed the data: JME JP DC RAH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JME JP DC RAH. Wrote the paper: JME JP.