About the Authors
- Ross J. Davidson
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Affiliations Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Ian Davis
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Affiliations Lakeridge Health Center, Oshawa, Canada, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Barbara M. Willey
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Affiliation Toronto Medical Laboratories/Mount Sinai Hospital Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Keyro Rizg
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Affiliation Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
- Shelly Bolotin
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Affiliation University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Vanessa Porter
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Affiliation Toronto Medical Laboratories/Mount Sinai Hospital Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Jane Polsky
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Affiliation St. Michael's Hospital Department of Family & Community Medicine, Toronto, Canada
- Nick Daneman
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Affiliation University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Allison McGeer
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Affiliations University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Toronto Medical Laboratories/Mount Sinai Hospital Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Paul Yang
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Affiliation Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Etobicoke, Canada
- Dennis Scolnik
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Affiliation University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Roy Rowsell
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Affiliation Lakeridge Health Center, Oshawa, Canada
- Olga Imas
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Affiliation Toronto Medical Laboratories/Mount Sinai Hospital Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Michael S. Silverman
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* E-mail: msilverman@rogers.com
Affiliations Lakeridge Health Center, Oshawa, Canada, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
Competing Interests
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: RD ID BW JP ND AM PY MSS. Performed the experiments: RD ID KR SB VP ND OI. Analyzed the data: JP MSS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AM PY DS RR. Wrote the paper: RD BW DS MSS. Field Sample Collection 2002, 2003: DS. Manuscript preparation: DS. Design of replica plating, efflux, qnr and PCR experiments: RJD. Supervision of Dalhousie Laboratory performing in vitro assays on E.coli isolates: RJD. Field specimen collection 2003: ID. Design and Performance of E.coli chloroquine MIC assessments: ID. Developed laboratory methods and databases, supervised Toronto laboratory work, input on manuscript: BMW. E.coli in-vitro selection studies: KR. Coordinated water sample collection, sample transport and E.coli water sample testing: SB. Performed Laboratory work on initial E. coli isolates and other gram negative rods: VP. Performed major statistical analyses and design: JP. Carried out initial laboratory assessments of 2002 and 2003, designed clinical correlation database: ND. Supervision of Toronto Laboratory: AM. Design of stool sampling approach: AM. Design and performance of HPLC (High Performance Liquid chromatography) and MIT (Microbial Inhibition Testing) experiments: PY. Field Sample Collection 2002, 2003, 2005: RR. Field team leader: RR. Performed all PFGE (Pulsed field gel electrophoresis) typing: OI. Overall study design and supervision: MSS. Analysis of clinical data: MSS.