About the Authors

Nita Bharti

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: nita@psu.edu

Affiliations Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Yingcun Xia

Affiliation Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

Ottar N. Bjornstad

Affiliations Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Bryan T. Grenfell

Affiliations Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: BG OB NB YX. Performed the experiments: NB YX. Analyzed the data: BG NB YX. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BG OB NB YX. Wrote the paper: NB.