About the Authors

Cheikh Sokhna

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: sokhna@ird.sn (CS); paul.milligan@lshtm.ac.uk (PM)

Affiliation Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Senegal

Badara Cissé

Affiliation Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal

El Hadj Bâ

Affiliation Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Senegal

Paul Milligan

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: sokhna@ird.sn (CS); paul.milligan@lshtm.ac.uk (PM)

Affiliation London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Rachel Hallett

Affiliation London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Colin Sutherland

Affiliation London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Oumar Gaye

Affiliation Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal

Denis Boulanger

Affiliation Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Senegal

Kirsten Simondon

Affiliation Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Senegal

François Simondon

Affiliation Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Senegal

Geoffrey Targett

Affiliation London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Jo Lines

Affiliation London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Brian Greenwood

Affiliation London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom

Jean-François Trape

Affiliation Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Dakar, Senegal

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: BG CS GT CJS JL JT DB KS FS BC OG. Performed the experiments: CS CJS EB DB KS FS RH BC. Analyzed the data: PM EB. Wrote the paper: BG PM CS. Other: Contributed to the writing of the paper: PM.