About the Authors

Kira S. Makarova

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: makarova@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (KM); mdaly@usuhs.mil (MD)

Affiliation National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Marina V. Omelchenko

Affiliation National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Elena K. Gaidamakova

Affiliation Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Vera Y. Matrosova

Affiliation Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Alexander Vasilenko

Affiliation Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Min Zhai

Affiliation Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Alla Lapidus

Affiliation US Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America

Alex Copeland

Affiliation US Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America

Edwin Kim

Affiliation US Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America

Miriam Land

Affiliation US Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America

Konstantinos Mavromatis

Affiliation US Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America

Samuel Pitluck

Affiliation US Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America

Paul M. Richardson

Affiliation US Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California, United States of America

Chris Detter

Affiliation US Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Thomas Brettin

Affiliation US Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Elizabeth Saunders

Affiliation US Department of Energy, Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America

Barry Lai

Affiliation Environmental Research Division and Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, United States of America

Bruce Ravel

Affiliation Environmental Research Division and Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, United States of America

Kenneth M. Kemner

Affiliation Environmental Research Division and Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, United States of America

Yuri I. Wolf

Affiliation National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Alexander Sorokin

Affiliation National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Anna V. Gerasimova

Affiliation Research Institute of Genetics and Selection of Industrial Microorganisms, Moscow, Russia

Mikhail S. Gelfand

Affiliations Institute for Information Transmission Problems of RAS, Moscow, Russia, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

James K. Fredrickson

Affiliation Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America

Eugene V. Koonin

Affiliation National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Michael J. Daly

To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: makarova@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (KM); mdaly@usuhs.mil (MD)

Affiliation Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MD KM AL PR KK EG VM. Performed the experiments: BL KK CD ES EG VM AV MZ BR TB. Analyzed the data: EK MD MG YW KM MO AL AC ML BL KK JF CD ES EG VM BR TB AS AG SP EK KM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: EK MG. Wrote the paper: MD KM. Other: JGI Genome-sequencing project coordinator: AL. Genome annotation QC: EK. Genome annotation: ML KM. Data management/transfer, NCBI submission: SP. Genome Library construction: CD. Genome finishing: TB ES. Programmers: AS AG JF. Contributed to writing the paper: EK.