About the Authors
- Leo J. Kenefic
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Contributed equally to this work with: Leo J. Kenefic, Talima Pearson
Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Talima Pearson
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Contributed equally to this work with: Leo J. Kenefic, Talima Pearson
Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Richard T. Okinaka
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Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- James M. Schupp
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Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- David M. Wagner
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Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Alex R. Hoffmaster
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Affiliation Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Carla B. Trim
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Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Wai-Kwan Chung
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Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Jodi A. Beaudry
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Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Lingxia Jiang
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Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Pawel Gajer
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Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Jeffrey T. Foster
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Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- James I. Mead
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Affiliation Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Jacques Ravel
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Affiliation The Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Paul Keim
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* E-mail: Paul.Keim@nau.edu
Affiliations Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America, Pathogen Genomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: LJK PK. Performed the experiments: LJK CPT JAB WKC. Analyzed the data: LJK TP CPT JAB WKC PK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TP DMW JR AH. Wrote the paper: LJK TP JF JM PK. Directed the study and edited the manuscript: PK. Provided managerial support for data generation: JS. Provided GIS analysis: DMW. Developed the B. anthracis microarray genotyping assay and screened the initial (128) isolates: JR. Provided the DNA of isolates from an historical collection: AH. Optimized the Affymetrix tiling chip protocol, processed all the Affymetrix tiling GeneChips (>125), and contributed to the analysis of the GeneChip data: LJ. Developed the algorithm to extract SNP data from the microbial Affymetrix whole genome tiling GeneChip, processed the GeneChip and extracted SNP data: PG. Provided valuable insights into phylogenetic analyses and helped edit the manuscript: RO JF. Provided insights into Beringian ecosystems: JM. Edited the manuscript: JM.