About the Authors

Rie Sakai

rsakai@hsph.harvard.edu

Affiliations Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Medical Education, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan

Wei Wang

Affiliations Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Norihiro Yamaguchi

Affiliation Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Hiroshi Tamura

Affiliations Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan, Solutions Center for Health Insurance Claims, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Rei Goto

Affiliations Hakubi Center of Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Graduate School of Economics, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan

Ichiro Kawachi

Affiliation Department of Society, Human Development, and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: RS IK HT. Analyzed the data: RS RG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RS WW NY. Wrote the paper: RS. Helped draft the manuscript: NY HT RG.