About the Authors

Matthew H. Schneps

mschneps@cfa.harvard.edu

Affiliation Science Education Department, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Jenny M. Thomson

Affiliation Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Chen Chen

Affiliations Science Education Department, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Gerhard Sonnert

Affiliation Science Education Department, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America

Marc Pomplun

Affiliation Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: MHS GS JMT CC MP. Performed the experiments: MHS CC. Analyzed the data: GS CC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MHS JMT CC. Wrote the paper: MHS GS JMT CC MP.