About the Authors

Emily Adland

emily.adland@paediatrics.ox.ac.uk

Affiliation Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Jonathan M. Carlson

Affiliation Microsoft Research, eScience Group, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Paolo Paioni

Affiliation Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Henrik Kløverpris

Affiliations Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis & HIV, K-RITH, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZuluNatal, Durban, South Africa

Roger Shapiro

Affiliations Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana

Anthony Ogwu

Affiliation Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana

Lynn Riddell

Affiliation Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Northamptonshire Healthcare NHS Trust,Northampton General Hospital, Northampton, United Kingdom

Graz Luzzi

Affiliation Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Wycombe Hospital, High Wycombe, Bucks, United Kingdom

Fabian Chen

Affiliation Department of Sexual Health, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, United Kingdom

Thambiah Balachandran

Affiliation Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Luton and Dunstable Hospital, Luton, United Kingdom

David Heckerman

Affiliation Microsoft Research, eScience Group, Los Angeles, California, United States of America

Anette Stryhn

Affiliation Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Anne Edwards

Affiliation Oxford Department of Genitourinary Medicine, the Churchill Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom

Thumbi Ndung’u

Affiliations HIV Pathogenesis Programme, the Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZuluNatal, Durban, South Africa, Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America

Bruce D. Walker

Affiliations HIV Pathogenesis Programme, the Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZuluNatal, Durban, South Africa, Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America

Søren Buus

Affiliation Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Philip Goulder

Affiliations Department of Paediatrics, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, HIV Pathogenesis Programme, the Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZuluNatal, Durban, South Africa, Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America

Philippa C. Matthews

Affiliation Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom

Competing Interests

JMC and DH are employees of Microsoft and own stock in the company. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: EA PG PCM. Performed the experiments: EA PP AS SB PCM. Analyzed the data: EA JMC HK DH PG PCM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JMC HK RS AO LR GL FC TB DH AE TN BDW. Wrote the manuscript: EA PG PCM.