About the Authors

Serge A. Wich

s.a.wich@ljmu.ac.uk

Affiliation Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom

David Gaveau

Affiliation Centre for International Forestry Research, Situ Gede, Bogor Barat, West Java, Indonesia

Nicola Abram

Affiliation Durrell Institute for Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom

Marc Ancrenaz

Affiliations Sabah Wildlife Department, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, HUTAN, Kinabatangan Orang-utan Conservation Programme, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, North England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester, United Kingdom

Alessandro Baccini

Affiliation The Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts, United States of America

Stephen Brend

Affiliation Orangutan Foundation, London, United Kingdom

Lisa Curran

Affiliations Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, California, United States of America, Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America

Roberto A. Delgado

Affiliation Departments of Anthropology and Biological Sciences, Program in Integrative and Evolutionary Biology (IEB), University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States of America

Andi Erman

Affiliation GFA/KWF, Kapuas Hulu Program, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Gabriella M. Fredriksson

Affiliations Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme (PanEco-YEL), Medan, Sumatra, Indonesia, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics/Zoological Museum, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Benoit Goossens

Affiliations Danau Girang Field Centre, c/o Sabah Willife Department, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

Simon J. Husson

Affiliation Orangutan Tropical Peatland Project, c/o the Center for International Cooperation in the Sustainable Management of Tropical Peatlands (CIMTROP), University of Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Isabelle Lackman

Affiliations Sabah Wildlife Department, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, HUTAN, Kinabatangan Orang-utan Conservation Programme, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

Andrew J. Marshall

Affiliation Department of Anthropology, Graduate Group in Ecology, Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California Davis, California, United States of America

Anita Naomi

Affiliation Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme (PanEco-YEL), Medan, Sumatra, Indonesia

Elis Molidena

Affiliation Centre for International Forestry Research, Situ Gede, Bogor Barat, West Java, Indonesia

Nardiyono

Affiliations Forum Orangutan Indonesia (FORINA), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, The Nature Conservancy (TNC), Jakarta, Indonesia

Anton Nurcahyo

Affiliations Forum Orangutan Indonesia (FORINA), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation (BOSF), Nyaru Menteng, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Kisar Odom

Affiliation Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation (BOSF), Nyaru Menteng, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Adventus Panda

Affiliation World Wide Fund for Nature-Indonesia (WWF-Indonesia), Sebangau Conservation Program/University of Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Purnomo

Affiliation The Nature Conservancy (TNC), Jakarta, Indonesia

Andjar Rafiastanto

Affiliations Forum Orangutan Indonesia (FORINA), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, Flora and Fauna International-Indonesia, Ragunan, Jakarta, Indonesia

Dessy Ratnasari

Affiliation Lembaga Living Landscapes Indonesia (LLI), Pontianak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Adi H. Santana

Affiliation Biology Faculty, Universitas Nasional (UNAS), Jakarta, Indonesia

Imam Sapari

Affiliations Forum Orangutan Indonesia (FORINA), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, Yayasan Orangutan Indonesia (YAYORIN), Pangkalan Bun, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Carel P. van Schaik

Affiliation Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Jamartin Sihite

Affiliations Forum Orangutan Indonesia (FORINA), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, Restorasi Habitat Orangutan Indonesia (RHOI), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia

Stephanie Spehar

Affiliation Anthropology Program, Department of Religious Studies and Anthropology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, United States of America

Eddy Santoso

Affiliation Yayasan Orangutan Indonesia (YAYORIN), Pangkalan Bun, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Amat Suyoko

Affiliation Borneo Orangutan Survival Foundation (BOSF), Nyaru Menteng, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Albertus Tiju

Affiliations Forum Orangutan Indonesia (FORINA), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, World Wide Fund for Nature-Indonesia (WWF-Indonesia), West Kalimantan Program, Indonesia

Graham Usher

Affiliation Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme (PanEco-YEL), Medan, Sumatra, Indonesia

Sri Suci Utami Atmoko

Affiliations Forum Orangutan Indonesia (FORINA), Bogor, West Java, Indonesia, Biology Faculty, Universitas Nasional (UNAS), Jakarta, Indonesia

Erik P. Willems

Affiliation Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Erik Meijaard

Affiliations People and Nature Consulting International, Ciputat, Jakarta, Indonesia, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

Competing Interests

E. Meijaard is presently employed by People and Nature Consulting International (PNCI). PNCI had no role in the study, and the company does not benefit financially from the research. The affiliation with PNCI does not alter E. Meijaard's adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Author Contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: SAW DG NA MA E. Meijaard. Performed the experiments: SAW DG NA MA GU E. Meijaard. Analyzed the data: SAW DG NA MA GU E. Meijaard. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SAW DG NA MA AB SB LC RAD AE GMF BG SJH IL AJM A. Naomi E. Molidena N A. Nurcahyo KO AP PAR DR AHS IS CPS JS SS ES AS AT GU SSUA EPW E. Meijaard. Wrote the paper: SAW DG NA MA E. Meijaard.